不同施氮量对半干旱区还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响

为了揭示还田玉米秸秆在不同施氮水平下的腐解及养分释放特征,在马铃薯田间定位试验中,设置了6个不同施氮水平(T1:0 kg·hm~(-2);T2:75 kg·hm~(-2);T3:150 kg·hm~(-2);T4:225 kg·hm~(-2);T5:300 kg·hm~(-2); T6:375 kg·hm~(-2)),研究其对还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响。研究表明:还田玉米秸秆的腐解主要发生在前90 d,在此期间玉米秸秆腐解较快,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆腐解率分别为37.3%、40.3%、44.8%、45.0%、50.8%、48.4%,以T5处理为最高,处理间差异显著(P0.05);同时,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆碳、氮释放率分别为48.2%～56.6%、33.8%～44.4%,T5处理下秸秆的碳、氮释放率均显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而秸秆磷、钾的释放率分别为43.1%～49.2%、90.5%～93.0%,处理间无显著性差异。还田150 d后,玉米秸秆的腐解率为52.7%～55.8%,养分释放表现为KCPN。综上所述,连续施氮可以显著促进还田玉米秸秆前期的腐解及碳氮的释放,但对磷钾的释放无明显影响,当施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时还田玉米秸秆的腐解效果最好。     

硝化抑制剂对枸杞园土壤的作用效果研究

通过室内恒温培养试验，筛选出效果最佳的硝化抑制剂剂型及剂量并应用于枸杞园土壤，研究其对枸杞产量及品质的影响。室内恒温培养试验供试硝化抑制剂为2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)、双氰胺(DCD)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)，共设17个处理：未添加硝化抑制剂(CK)，添加Nitrapyrin(纯氮量的0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%)，添加DMPP(纯氮量的0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%)，添加DCD(纯氮量的1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、3.5%、4.0%和5.0%)。结果表明：在砂土的培养中，三者硝化抑制效果表现为DMPP≥Nitrapyrin＞DCD；DMPP和Nitrapyrin的硝化抑制率分别为71.90%~75.17%和4.83%~77.28%。但由于DMPP的价格(240~360元·kg^-1)及用量均高于Nitrapyrin(155元·kg^-1)，故选择纯氮量0.5%的Nitrapyrin应用于大田试验。田间试验设置4个处理：农民习惯施肥为SF100，SFN100、SFN80及SFN60处理是在SF100处理基础上分别减少0%、40%、60%的枸杞专用肥同时添加纯氮量为0.5%浓度的Nitrapyrin。结果表明：田间试验中施用Nitrapyrin处理的产量较SF100处理分别提高了6.67%，5.80%及3.52%，同时与SF100处理相比，SFN100处理的多糖及蛋白质含量分别提高了16.22%及8.67%。综合经济效益及生态效益，浓度为纯氮量0.5%的Nitrapyrin为最佳处理。在大田试验中施用Nitrapyrin同时减少枸杞专用肥的用量，枸杞产量及效益均有所提高，且蛋白质及多糖含量有显著增加。因此，可初步认为硝化抑制剂的施用对枸杞的种植有“减肥增效”的作用。     

四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm~(–2))。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm~(–2)。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老速率,并提高了灌浆期净光合速率,进而实现玉米增产。     

安徽发现草地贪夜蛾为害早播小麦

2019年5月17日,在安徽省黄山市黄山区发现草地贪夜蛾为害春玉米,首次证实草地贪夜蛾入侵安徽,截至8月25日全省16市全部见虫。2019年10月22日,淮南市寿县窑口镇早播小麦田发现疑似该虫为害,经鉴定,确认为草地贪夜蛾。调查发现,全田均可见该虫为害状,百株被害率最高达84.21%,每平方米最高虫量43头。调查提示,入侵安徽的草地贪夜蛾种群可取食为害小麦,应加强其在麦田发生情况的监测。     

生草栽培对南方鲜食枣生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】筛选适宜南方鲜食枣园生草栽培的草种。【方法】以白三叶、多年生黑麦草、1年生黑麦草为试材,采用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定枣树的光合指标,研究不同生草栽培处理对鲜食枣的生长及光合作用的影响。【结果】3个草种生草栽培处理均可促进鲜食枣的生长,其中白三叶生草栽培处理中鲜食枣的株高增幅、地径增幅、枣吊长度、SPAD值分别比对照高出30.94%、9.83%、11.58%、26.39%,优于其他处理。不同生草栽培处理中,鲜食枣的光合能力差异显著,其中白三叶生草栽培处理的最大光合速率为16.83 μmol/(m^2·s),显著高于其他处理,而光补偿点和暗呼吸速率分别为11.62、3.36 μmol/(m^2·s),显著低于其他处理。鲜食枣的净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在11:00和17:00,白三叶生草栽培处理11:00的净光合速率最高,为18.79 μmol/(m^2·s)。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势与净光合速率一致,而胞间CO_2浓度呈早晚高、中午低的不规则"V"形曲线变化,在13:00降到最低值,之后又逐渐回升。按照净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化均值由高到低排序,依次均为白三叶生草栽培处理、多年生黑麦草生草栽培处理、1年生黑麦草生草栽培处理、对照。【结论】综合各处理对鲜食枣主要生长指标和光合指标的影响,白三叶生草栽培处理下,鲜食枣可充分利用光合有效辐射和CO_2,提高净光合速率,进而促进树体生长。     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

A Cross-Sectional Survey of Foaling-Related Parameters of Jennies (Equus asinus) Under Smallholder Farm Conditions in Northeast China

It is important to assess the reproductive efficiency and improve the reproductive management to promote the donkey population development. The overall foaling-related parameters of jennies under smallholder farm conditions in China were hardly under investigation. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 694 smallholder farms was conducted in 40 villages in the north, east, and south areas of Western Liaoning Province and Eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region between March and July, 2017. Foaling-related parameters were assessed such as the mean age at first foaling, foaling rate and foaling interval during 2014–2017. Only two-thirds of the adult jennies foaled during the 3-year survey period and delivered a foal every 1.9 years. The mean age at first foaling was 45.3 months. The lowest incidence of foaling rate was in coincidence with the peak of foaling. The overall mean values for the foaling rate and foaling interval were 75% and 500.5 days, respectively. Significant changes of foaling rates before the age of 15 years and foaling intervals in the first 8 parities were not observed. The results indicate that the jennies could maintain relatively fine foaling-related parameters under smallholder farm conditions in northeast of China. However, the foaling rates hardly remained high during the whole breeding season represented a major loss to the donkey breeding.     

补充营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响

茶银尺蠖[Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich-Schaeffer)]是危害茶树的常见害虫之一。为了更好地在实验室内饲养此害虫,获得大量供试虫源,研究了补充不同营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响。结果表明,成虫补充10%蜂蜜水和10%糖水时,雌成虫平均单雌产卵量显著提高,分别为(152.5±16.83)粒和(177.5±19.01)粒;产卵期显著延长,分别为(17.8±1.08) d和(21.4±1.27) d。补充不同营养对雌成虫产卵期和产卵后期有显著影响,但对产卵前期影响不显著。补充10%糖水时,雌成虫的寿命最长,为(29.1±1.41) d,显著高于其他处理;而在10%蜂蜜水、水和对照处理下,雌成虫寿命分别为(23.8±1.15)、(14.4±0.48)、(6.3±0.37) d。补充10%糖水和10%蜂蜜水时,雄成虫的寿命分别为(21.3±0.93) d和(19.5±1.20) d,显著高于水和空白对照处理。在每个处理下,雌成虫的寿命均高于雄成虫。综上所述,10%糖水可作为成虫补充营养的最佳选择。     

烘烤凋萎期失水速度对烟叶质量的影响

凋萎期失水速度在烟叶质量的形成过程中具有重要作用,是影响烟叶质量的关键指标。为了优化烘烤工艺,寻找最佳的凋萎期失水速度,以秦烟96为试验材料,2014~2015年在甘肃陇南地区应用变频技术通过风量调节研究了烘烤凋萎期7组失水速度对烟叶质量的影响。试验结果表明,凋萎期失水速度控制在5~7 g∕(kg·h)之间,不但可以让未变黄的烟叶继续变黄,消除青烟,让已变黄的烟叶适度失水,同时降低了变黄后烟叶的水分含量,为烟叶定色创造了条件,有利于防止棕色化反应的发生。     

施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米子粒产量和饲用品质的影响

2017~2018年以主推粮饲兼用玉米陕科9号品种为材料，设0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm² 5个氮肥水平进行大田试验，测定不同氮肥处理下叶面积指数、产量和饲用品质和氮肥利用率等性状指标，分析施氮量对玉米子粒产量、饲用品质和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，随施氮量的增加，叶面积指数、SPAD值和生物量增加；子粒产量随施氮量的增加先增加后稳定，此时最佳施氮量为268 kg/hm²，产量增加64.4%。随着氮肥增加，氮肥农学效率呈先增加后降低，氮肥偏生产力降低。饲用品质分析显示，子粒蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪含量随着施氮量增加而增加，在氮肥270 kg/hm²处理下分别较不施氮处理增加2.4%、13.7%和22.5%；秸秆中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别减少20.4%和18.1%，秸秆粗蛋白和体外干物质消化率分别增加22.5%和17.6%。适当增施氮肥改善玉米群体质量，增加产量和氮肥利用率，提高饲用价值。陕北灌区粮饲兼用玉米生产实践中，推荐适宜施氮量为268 kg/hm²。